Equine Cushing’s Disease, or Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID), is the most common endocrine disorder in older horses. It results from hyperplasia or adenoma formation in the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland, leading to excess production of ACTH and cortisol dysregulation. Clinical signs include hirsutism, laminitis, muscle wasting, PU/PD, and increased susceptibility to infections. Understanding PPID’s pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management is essential for NAVLE success and equine practice.

Equine Hypothyroidism is an uncommon and often overdiagnosed condition, typically associated with congenital cases in foals or secondary to iodine imbalance or goitrogen exposure in broodmares. Clinical signs in foals may include weakness, limb deformities, mandibular prognathism, and delayed ossification. In adults, true hypothyroidism is rare. Understanding the pathophysiology, diagnostic pitfalls, and when to suspect this disorder is important for accurate NAVLE preparation and clinical decision-making.