Diseases affecting this system are frequently tested on the NAVLE and require a solid understanding of pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic interpretation, and therapeutic strategies. Common cardiovascular conditions include myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), pericardial effusion, and arrhythmias, while key respiratory disorders include tracheal collapse, brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary hypertension. Recognizing radiographic and echocardiographic changes, interpreting ECGs and arterial blood gases are fundamental for NAVLE success.